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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 12:30 am
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Results for police deployment
8 results foundAuthor: Kansas City, Missouri. City Auditor. Title: Follow-Up Audit: Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department Patrol Deployment: Blackout Analysis Summary: This audit compares the current level of blackout in all the patrol division to what was in the January 1998 performance audit Police Department Patrol Deployment: Blackout Analysis. Blackout refers to periods when all patrol officers assigned to respond to calls for service in a division are busy and cannot respond to an additional call. The audit found that blackout remains significant in all patrol divisions. Blackout patterns have changed within division since the 1998 audit: the average sum of daily blackout has decreased in the East, North and South divisions, but increased in the Central and Metro divisions. Details: Kansas City, MO: City Auditor's Office, 2004. 40p. Source: Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 112312 Keywords: Police DeploymentPolice Patrol (Kansas City, Missouri) |
Author: Lum, Cynthia Title: Police Pursuits in an Age of Innovation and Reform: The IACP Police Pursuit Database Summary: The IACP Police Pursuit Database Project is particularly timely, as pursuit policy today is influenced by additional forces than those police faced in the 1970s, 1980s, or even the early 1990s. Factors which traditionally motivated reform in this area drew attention to two often competing values: apprehending and deterring those who break the law, and ensuring the safety of all parties that potentially could be involved. This balance of crime control with safety and liability is a recurrent theme not only in police pursuits but many other activities of which a democratic and modern police agency is engaged. Such a balance can be detected in the evolution of the many legal decisions regarding police pursuits as well as in police pursuit policies. While thinking about this balance is essential in developing pursuit policy, an additional, compelling factor makes discussions of police pursuits especially timely in today’s policing environment. Specifically, there has been an increased demand and use of more proactive deployment and managerial policing innovations since the 1990s. Such innovations include directed (hot spots) patrol, problem-oriented policing, COMPSTAT, crime analysis, information-driven management, zero tolerance, community policing, and evidence-based policing, among others. These innovations change the use and symbolic meaning of police vehicles, in turn significantly altering the nature, frequency, risk, and consequences of high-speed pursuits. It is in both of these contexts – concerns of the balance between deterrence and safety, and the demands of proactive police innovations – that we frame this report. In this final report, we detail IACP’s endeavors in developing the Police Pursuit Database in light of these dual concerns. Thus, not only will we analyze the current data collected by the IACP, but we will also provide a review of existing studies of police pursuits, a discussion of contemporary pursuit policies, and present a broader framework for thinking about pursuits in an age of innovation and reform. In Section 2, we begin by offering an argument as to why this topic is especially relevant in today’s proactive policing environment of COMPSTAT, crime analysis, problem-solving, evidence-based policing, community policing, hot spot patrol and quality of life policing. Placing the discussion of police pursuits in this current context emphasizes and acknowledges that police policy does not occur in a vacuum and must be constantly informed and re-assessed by data, information, and the demands and challenges that police face. Given this new environment, we then examine what evidence does exist regarding police pursuits in Section 3 by reviewing the empirical research in this area. This review provides police managers not only with specific references to existing studies for their reference, but also a general understanding across these studies of what is currently known about the nature, characteristics, and outcomes of reported high-speed vehicular pursuits. This body of research also illustrates how concerns of safety, liability, and police professional management have been the primary force in motivating pursuit research, as opposed to new challenges and demands of proactivity. We then proceed in Section 4 with a content analysis of a sample of pursuit policies from 77 police agencies in the United States in 2007. Indeed, there have been surveys of pursuit policies conducted in the past, and we offer this analysis to present a recent update. To do this, we selected a group of police agencies who participated in the most recently published Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Survey (LEMAS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics using a stratified random sampling approach and requested current written pursuit policies from the heads of those agencies. We then examine and report upon key elements of these policies to highlight the trends of current pursuit practices. The database, its participants during this testing phase, and the pursuit data itself, are then discussed and analyzed in Section 5. Although the agencies which contributed to the database during this testing phase are not a representative sample of all police agencies in the United States (as participation in submitting pursuits to the IACP database was voluntary), the pursuit records collected offer a glimpse into pursuit trends and patterns, with information related to suspects, the police officers involved, the nature of the pursuits and their outcomes. Although it is clear that the IACP data have limitations, compared to other empirical analyses that we found, it is one of the larger samples of pursuit data collected and covers a comparatively large number of agencies across thirty states. Ultimately, the analysis of the IACP data is conducted to improve the use of the database as the project moves forward. Thus, in addition to analyzing the data set to unearth its limitations, we also compare characteristics of the participating agencies with recently collected information about U.S. law enforcement agencies more generally, to understand what types of police departments would be most likely to participate in such an endeavor and who the IACP should direct its focus to increase the use of the database. The 56 participating agencies also completed a small survey conducted by the IACP in 2005 about their experiences using the database, the results of which we present in Section 5. Section 6 then provides the lessons learned from the development and use of the database during this testing phase closing with conclusions and recommendations for both the IACP and also for police agencies. Details: Alexandria, VA: The IACP, 2008. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2011 at: http://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IlJDjYrusBc%3D&tabid=392 Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IlJDjYrusBc%3D&tabid=392 Shelf Number: 121287 Keywords: Police DeploymentPolice Pursuit DrivingPolicing |
Author: Litch, Michael Title: Draft Technical Report For SECURES Demonstration in Hampton and Newport News, Virginia Summary: On March 21, 2005 Planning Systems Inc. (PSI) teamed with the Center for Society Law and Justice (CSLJ) and the Department of Justice / Office of Justice Programs entered into a cooperative agreement for the deployment, operation and analysis of an acoustic gunshot detection system in Newport News and Hampton Virginia. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) – Office of Science and Technology, oversaw the project. Chris Miles, Senior Program Manager, Sensors, Surveillance, and Biometrics provided oversight and direction on behalf of NIJ. The SECURES® acoustic gunshot detection system deployed in Newport News and Hampton, Virginia represented the third generation of hardware electronics since its original inception. This report is presented in two basics sections. The first section represents the findings by CSLJ as an independent third party assessor with scientifically founded conclusions based on research and statistical data collected during the operation of the system including independent Live-Fire tests conducted in Newport News and Hampton, Virginia. The second section of this report is the overview of deployment and operational initiatives as reported by PSI personnel. The conclusions drawn by CSLJ are impressive. Some of the most notable include: o The Live-Fire tests conducted in Newport News and Hampton, though differing in actual results, suggest that the detection of handguns by the SECURES® system, particularly in calibers of 9 mm and greater, is very accurate. o The ability of the SECURES® system to locate gunshots was very accurate often localizing the actual test shot location within a 10-foot radius. o Trade-offs between detecting true positives and false positives was noted wherein false positives can be reduced to near zero with relative small loss in true positives. o Indications exist that public awareness of the SECURES® system may serve to decrease the number of gunshot relate 911 calls. o Eleven (11) arrests were made as a result of SECURES® related dispatches that can conservatively attributed solely to the SECURES® system deployment. o In Newport News there were four gunshot victims found on SECURES related dispatches of which one would not have been found otherwise. The other three gunshot victims found were incidents where associated 911 calls also existed. The deployment and operations of the SECURES systems in Newport News and Hampton were completed under best practices as known at the time deployed. These initiatives, as with most projects, were met with challenges that have been overcomed. The information gained in these efforts, though beyond the scope of these demonstrations, have subsequently been used in other deployments to further stream line deployments and operations. Details: Reston, VA: Planning Systems, Inc., 2008. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 13, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233342.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233342.pdf Shelf Number: 121330 Keywords: Crime DetectionGun ViolenceGunshot DetectionPolice Deployment |
Author: Planning Systems, Inc. Title: Draft Technical Report for SECURES Demonstration in San Bernardino County - Bloomington Area Summary: In October 2003 Planning Systems Inc. (PSI) teamed with the Center for Society Law and Justice (CSLJ) and the Department of Justice / Office of Justice Programs entered into a cooperative agreement 2003-IJ-CX-K021 for the deployment, operation and analysis of an acoustic gunshot detection system in San Bernardino County California. This report is presented in three basic sections. The first section provides an overview of the enhancements to the technical tools used in the deployment of the SECURES® system and to the SECURES® display software. The second section of this report is the overview of deployment and operational initiatives as reported by PSI personnel. The third section represents the findings by CSLJ as an independent third party assessor. The use of technical tools in the form of acoustic and RF modeling can greatly enhance the deployment of SECURES® by reducing the normal amount of field manpower and time required in an empirical approach to sensor and receiver placement and installation. This enables police departments to deploy or even relocate a SECURES® system in minimum time with limited exposure within the area of deployment. Not only does this save time and costs in installation but it also has the ability to identify deficient areas in advance so that these can either be re-engineered to assure coverage by the system being deployed or can provide additional situational awareness to patrol officers. Enhancements to the SECURES® display software provides dispatch personnel with better tools to more accurately define and convey the gunshot locations to patrol. The deployment and operations of the SECURES® systems in was plagued by delays in securing a valid poly use agreement with the local providing utility, Southern California Edison (SCE). Much progress was made with the onset of the program in 2003 including software enhancements, system layout, training and even the initial installation of the receiver and base station assemblies. However, once the issues concerning the pole use agreement for the intended area was overcome in 2007 with separate pole use agreements with both SCE and AT&T (formerly PacBell) much of the enthusiasm developed earlier on with all parties concerned had dissipated. Nonetheless the system was deployed as intended. The results gained from the assessment by CSLJ were disappointing. The area in which SECURES® was deployed netted few gunshot alerts. There were no corroborating reports from the SBCSD to support actual ground truth events. The span of time from initial time of planned deployment in 2003 to actual deployment in 2007 had not only diminished enthusiasm but also the resources available to support this effort locally. Details: Reston, VA: Planning Systems, Inc., 2011. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 13, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233343.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233343.pdf Shelf Number: 121334 Keywords: Crime DetectionGun ViolenceGunshot DetectionPolice Deployment |
Author: Winsor, Thomas P. Title: Independent Review of Police Officer and Staff Remuneration and Conditions: Part 1 Report Summary: The independent review of pay and conditions of service for police officers and staff began on 1 October 2010. The Home Secretary has asked the reviewer, Tom Winsor, to ensure that police pay and conditions and the structures around them are the best they could be given the challenges facing the police service, which will see forces being required to achieve more with less, while also being fair to officers and staff. The first report, published on 8 March 2011, covers: the deployment of officers and staff (including shift allowances, overtime and assisting other police forces); post and performance related pay (including special priority payments, competence related threshold payments for constables and bonuses at all ranks); and how officers leave the police service. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2011. 326p. Source: Internet Resource: Cm 8024: Accessed April 22, 2011 at: http://review.police.uk/documents/police-remun-and-conditions/first-report?view=Binary Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://review.police.uk/documents/police-remun-and-conditions/first-report?view=Binary Shelf Number: 121389 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice DeploymentPolice RemunerationPolice SalariesPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Gorr, Wilpen L. Title: Early Warning System for Crime Hot Spots Summary: Objectives - Using violent crime data from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania we investigate the performance of an "early warning system" (EWS) for starting/stopping police deployments to hot spots for crime prevention. We show that (1) even the hottest chronic hot spots are dynamic with months "on" and "off" and (2) temporary hot spots are also targets for prevention. We compare the performance of EWS to constant deployment at chronic hot spots. Methods - We estimate chronic hot spots using kernel density smoothing. We use simple methods for implementing EWS rules for detecting flare-ups, predicting persistence of flare-ups, and stopping deployments. Using 2000-2010 data we run computational experiments varying size of hot spots and rule thresholds to tune EWS. Results - Tradeoff curves with crimes exposed to prevention efforts versus area of the city under prevention workload show that static and dynamic deployments have nearly the same efficiency. Different, however, is land-use distribution. While chronic hot spots tend to be in or adjacent to commercial areas, dynamic hot spots have significantly more and widely-scattered residential locations. We argue that dynamic hot spots thus have higher potential for reducing fear of crime and providing responsive police services to neighborhoods. Conclusions - Even though police resources are "wasted" during "off" months by constant deployment to chronic hot spots, a dynamic system of deployment with simple methods cannot improve the efficiency of crime prevention. EWS comparably "wastes" resources because of false positives for hot-spot persistence and waiting to confirm hot-spot extinguishment. Nevertheless, EWS is more responsive to residential crime. Details: Pittsburg, PA: School of Public Policy and Management, H. John Heinz III College, Carnegie Mellon University, 2013. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed October 28, 2013 at: Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/research/482full.pdf Shelf Number: 131485 Keywords: Crime PreventionEarly Warning SystemHot SpotsPolice Deployment |
Author: Weisburd, David Title: The Dallas AVL Experiment: Evaluating the Use of Automated Vehicle Locator Technologies in Policing Summary: Law enforcement agencies lack specific information describing where police officers patrol when not responding to calls for service. Instead they have snapshots of events that are handled by police such as the locations of crime reports, arrests, traffic citations, and pedestrian stops. While computerized crime mapping has enabled "smart policing" and police have become more scientific in the ways in which they respond to crime (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2010; Robinson, 2011), police agencies still have little ability to assess the effectiveness of their deployment strategies in relationship to their goals. Our study sought to examine these two key gaps in the advancement of recent police innovations. If the police have knowledge about where patrol resources are concentrated in a police agency, can police Commanders more successfully manage broad patrol resources? Within the context of a Compstat model, can they ensure that crime hot spots gain increased levels of patrol? Finally, if such knowledge were available to the police will that help them to prevent crime? We think that the answers to these questions are key to the advancement of policing. Our study is the first we know of to test these questions directly. Since the early 1990s, hot spots policing has emerged as an important policing strategy. Sherman and Weisburd (1995) coined the term and argued that the police should not water down the dosage of police patrol across entire beats, but should focus it upon the specific places where crime was concentrated. While police scholars now agree widely that preventive patrol over larger areas is not effective (Weisburd & Eck, 2004; Bayley, 1994), the introduction of automated vehicle locator (AVL) technology allowed us to see whether provision of detailed information on actual patrol dosage to police managers would allow for more effective allocation of patrol in beats and following this significant reductions in crime. We were also able to examine these questions for crime hot spots identified during Compstat meetings. We used a blocked randomized experimental design to examine these questions. First, we used trajectory analysis to identify four groups of beats with similar crime trajectories. Each of the beats within a trajectory group was randomly allocated to treatment or control. Commanders received information on the measured deployment levels (the amount of hours of vehicle presence as measured by an Automated Vehicle Locator (AVL) system) received by the treatment beats but not the control beats. In addition, they received AVL measured deployment information about Compstat hot spots (those identified for specific deployment strategies) in the treatment areas but not in the control areas. At the beat level, access to AVL measured deployment information led Commanders to request significantly higher amounts of patrol presence but did not result in an increase in actual patrol levels. At the hot spot level, it is important to note that our unit of analysis is no longer the same as our randomization unit. Thus, we interpret these results with caution. At the hot spot level, AVL does not lead Commanders to request higher levels of patrol, but it did lead to higher actual levels of patrol at those places. Also, in contrast to the beat level findings, we find treatment hot spots have about a 20 percent relative "decline" in crime. The Dallas (Texas) AVL Experiment provides important information to improve our understanding of how AVL technologies can be used to maximize patrol in police agencies. Our data suggest that, at least in cities like Dallas with large geographies, AVL information will not aid patrol allocations in large geographic areas because patrol coverage in beats is largely a function of cross district dispatch rather than Commander-specified deployment. However, it is effective in achieving higher levels of patrol in hot spots and significant reductions in crime. Additional studies are needed in other cities and focusing on hot spot areas to better understand the potential value in using AVL for deployment. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 127p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 29, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248958.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248958.pdf Shelf Number: 136256 Keywords: Automated Vehicle LocatorCrime Hot SpotsPolice DeploymentPolice PatrolPolice Technology |
Author: Stinson, Philip M. Title: Lorain Police Department: A Study to Improve Patrol Deployment Summary: The Lorain (OH) Police Department requested research assistance from the Ohio Consortium of Crime Science (OCCS) for the purpose of evaluating and revising the current patrol districts and the allocation of resources within the districts. The OCCS is an association of researchers from universities and state agencies working together to provide evidence-based solutions to the real-world problems faced by local criminal justice agencies. The goal of the project was to evaluate and revise the current police districts and the allocation of resources within those districts. The first objective in support of the project goal was to assess calls for service, officers’ workload, hotspots, and violent crimes within the existing police districts. The second objective in support of the project goal was to develop new police districts based on the findings of the first objective and to predict future calls for service, officers’ workload, hotspots, and violent crimes within those proposed districts. Calls for service data (N = 56,423) from the Lorain Police Department's computer-aided-dispatch (CAD) system were analyzed for the year 2013. Findings indicate that there is disparity in allocation of patrol resources and calls for service workload across the five current police districts within the city of Lorain. The CHAID algorithm was employed to group 93 existing geographic section tracts within the city into twelve statistically similar groups. Geospatial patterns readily emerged and the five police districts were reconfigured into four new patrol beats. Four recommendations are presented: (1) the proposed new police beats should be implemented; (2) section tracts within the new beats should be used as crime analysis targets; (3) patrol resources should be specifically assigned to each of the new beats on all shifts; and, (4) patrol operations should be fully integrated within the new CAD system scheduled for implementation in 2015. Details: Columbus: Ohio Consortium of Crime Science, 2014. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 9, 2016 at: https://ext.dps.state.oh.us/OCCS/Pages/Public/Reports/Lorain.Project.Report.081214.1145.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://ext.dps.state.oh.us/OCCS/Pages/Public/Reports/Lorain.Project.Report.081214.1145.pdf Shelf Number: 139341 Keywords: Crime Analysis Police Administration Police DeploymentPolice Patrol Police Resource Allocation |